One of the most important elements of public space in Stone Town of Zanzibar is the baraza. The baraza is the place where people sit, meet, talk, and even rest. In its simplest form, the baraza is a platform built in front of houses or in open public spaces. Although the baraza was brought to Stone Town from rural areas of Zanzibar in the past century, today it is a part of its identity. The main question of this research is that at the present time, given the formation of new public spaces, as well as the development of communication and social networks, what role do barazas play in the daily life of the inhabitants of Stone Town? Primary research data has been compiled through semi-structured interviews with residents, and secondary reports, articles and books have also been consulted. This research shows that in spite of lifestyle changes and the development of the media, the baraza is still an essential part of the everyday life and culture of the inhabitants of Stone Town: it is regarded as an information base, a place for entertainment, a social unit, a political platform, and a religious base.

One of the most significant features of Iranian society is immigrating of Iranian tribes to nearby and also to distant lands which, in different historical eras, has proved quite helpful in spreading great cultural achievements to overseas. Immigrating of Baloch people to Zanzibar, a Tanzanian archipelago off the coast of East Africa, and the critical role it plays in establishment of a Baloch community in some parts of countries such as Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda and democratic Congo, have created friendly relationships among these differing communities without causing any biased discrimination against the Muslim inhabitants of these countries. This has led to remarkable consequences which will be discussed in this article. In fact, the writer will not only discuss about the reasons why such immigration happened and how those Baloch people from Iran (and Oman) have established a community in Zanzibar, but also he will trace the Baloch people’ s general conditions in this island since more than 350 years ago up to the present time. In addition, the article will investigate into their role in distribution of different aspects of Iran’ s civilization and culture in Zanzibar based on current documents.

Million tons of waste are produced annually in mining and processing of dimension Stone in Iran. In most cases, the waste is released in nature that would cause environmental hazards. In this work, artificial Stone slabs were manufactured by combination of coarse waste and sludge powder of Stone cutting factories. The results show that the manufactured Stone slabs have physical and mechanical specifications according to Iranian national standards for building Stone. With increasing the amount of resin in the composition, the flexural and tensile strength were increased and the compressive strength and water absorption coefficient were decreased. The slabs produced from granite waste compare to the slabs produced from marble waste had better physical and mechanical specifications. At the optimum condition, with the aim of using more waste, with a composition of 90% marble waste and 10% resin, artificial Stone slabs were produced which have compressive strength about 143 MPa, flexural strength of 21 MPa, tensile strength of 25 MPa, water absorption coefficient 1% and density equal to 2. 32 g/cm3.

Molecular diffusion is one of the important contaminant transport mechanisms through soil and rocks. In this study the molecular diffusion coefficient of marl Stone and sand Stone from the Urmia City landfill site was determined using the best fit method of the observed laboratory data and the predicted theoretical data. The marl Stone and sand Stone samples were tested under the conditions of “through diffusion” and “in diffusion”, respectively, and the observed chloride concentrations were determined.The computer code of Pollute was used for theoretical calculations. The average diffusion coefficients of 2.48´10-10 (m2/s) and 2.55´10-10 (m2/s) were obtained for marl Stone and sand Stone, respectively, which show the similarity of this parameter in both samples due to the compatibility of the effect of physical parameters of the samples such as porosity and density. The results of the sensitivity analysis of the affecting parameters in molecular diffusion in modeled Stones showed that the parameters of time and diffusion coefficient have more effect on the concentration of chloride ion at the end of the migration path through Stone. The good agreement between the data of the experimental and theoretical models shows the accuracy of the adopted experimental methods and theoretical model. The results of this study could be used in contaminant transport calculations in the design of solid waste landfills situated on bed rocks.